The function of the description level of Norman Fairclough's model in analyzing the critical discourse of the novel "Barid al-Layl"

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran.

2 Master of Arabic Language and Literature , university of Semnan, Semnan, Iran

10.22091/npa.2024.10663.1018

Abstract

Discourse is the result of the study of language as a social phenomenon or a sociological approach to the category of language and it implies that the text is a social matter that develops during social relations and not independently of it. Discourse analysis is a new method for research in communication texts. In this approach, unlike traditional linguistic analysis, we are no longer faced with the syntactic elements of the sentence as the main basis for explaining the meaning; Rather, beyond that, we deal with factors outside the text, that is, the situational, cultural, social, political, communication context, and the like. Critical analysis of discourse is an attitude that has emerged in recent years and explains the relationship between discourse and social power; This type of analysis pays attention to social problems and examines concepts such as class, race, gender, feminism, hegemony, inequality and similar factors. Norman Fairclough is one of the greatest theorists in this approach. He considers the critical analysis of the discourse in three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. According to him, there is a set of elements inside the text that are not only related to each other but also make a whole that is called discourse. Hoda Barakat, a contemporary Lebanese writer, examines the life of immigrants and refugees and asylum in the book "Barid Al-Layl". In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of explaining and analyzing the level of description of critical discourse, the novel of Barid Al-Layl was investigated. The results of the research indicate that the use of synonymous, opposite, companion, repetition, formal and conversational words and the use of metaphor is a suitable platform for describing the conditions of Arab immigrants in European countries.

Keywords


Article Title [العربیة]

توظیف مستوى الوصف فی نظریة نورمان فیرکلاف فی التحلیل النقدی للخطاب فی روایة "برید اللیل"

Abstract [العربیة]

یعد الخطاب نتیجة لدراسة اللغة کظاهرة اجتماعیة أو کمنهج سوسیولوجی یتعلق بمسألة اللغة، ویشیر إلى أن النص هو أمر اجتماعی یتشکل من خلال العلاقات الاجتماعیة ولیس بمعزل عنها. یُعتبر تحلیل الخطاب أسلوبًا حدیثًا للبحث فی النصوص التواصلیة. فی هذا المنهج، على عکس التحلیلات التقلیدیة اللغویة الأخرى، لا نتعامل فقط مع العناصر النحویة التی تشکل الجملة کأساس رئیسی لفهم المعنى؛ بل نذهب إلى ما هو أبعد من ذلک لننظر فی العوامل الخارجیة للنص، مثل السیاق، والثقافة، والمجتمع، والسیاسة، والتواصل، وغیرها. یعد التحلیل النقدی للخطاب وجهة نظر ظهرت فی السنوات الأخیرة، حیث یُفسر العلاقات بین الخطاب والسلطة الاجتماعیة. یسلط هذا النوع من التحلیل الضوء على المشکلات الاجتماعیة، ویعنى بمفاهیم مثل الطبقة، والعرق، والجنس، والنِّسویة والهیمنة، والتمییز، وما إلى ذلک من العوامل. یُعتبر نورمان فرکلاف من أکبر المنظرین فی هذا المنهج. وإنه ینظر إلى التحلیل النقدی للخطاب من خلال ثلاثة مستویات: الوصف، والتفسیر، والتوضیح. ویرى أن النص یحتوی على مجموعة من العناصر التی ترتبط ببعضها البعض، وتشکل کلاً یُعرف بالخطاب. تتناول الکاتبة اللبنانیة المعاصرة هدى برکات فی کتابها "برید اللیل" حیاة المهاجرین واللاجئین واللجوء. وفی هذه الدراسة لقد تم تسلیط الضوء علی روایة "برید اللیل" بناءً على منهج وصفی-تحلیلی، بهدف تفسیر وتحلیل مستوى الوصف فی الخطاب النقدی. تشیر نتائج الدراسة إلى أن استخدام المفردات المتشابهة، والمتناقضة، والمتجاورة، والتکرار، والأسلوبین الرسمی والمحاوری، فضلاً عن استخدام الاستعارة، یشکل أرضًا مناسبة لوصف ظروف المهاجرین العرب فی الدول الأوروبیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • نورمان فرکلاف
  • الخطاب النقدی
  • مستوى الوصف
  • هدى برکات
  • برید اللیل
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  • Receive Date: 29 May 2024
  • Revise Date: 02 September 2024
  • Accept Date: 02 October 2024
  • First Publish Date: 02 October 2024
  • Publish Date: 09 January 2025